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Trade Marks Act, 1999

1999 · Ministry of Commerce and Industry · 159 sections

Registration, protection and enforcement of trade marks, including well-known marks, infringement and passing off, with suits before District Courts (and Commercial Courts).

Most-invoked sections
TM Act · 9

Absolute grounds for refusal of registration

Marks devoid of distinctive character, descriptive marks, customary terms, and marks likely to deceive or hurt religious susceptibilities or that are scandalous — unless acquired distinctiveness is shown.

TM Act · 11

Relative grounds for refusal of registration

Likelihood of confusion with an earlier mark for identical or similar goods; protection of well-known marks across dissimilar goods; marks whose use is prevented by passing off or copyright.

TM Act · 28

Rights conferred by registration

The registered proprietor gets the exclusive right to use the mark for the goods or services registered and to obtain relief for infringement.

TM Act · 29

Infringement of registered trade marks

Use in the course of trade of an identical or deceptively similar mark for identical or similar goods so as to cause confusion; use of a well-known mark's reputation; use in advertising taking unfair advantage.

TM Act · 134

Suit for infringement, etc., to be instituted before District Court

A suit for infringement or passing off shall be instituted in a District Court within whose jurisdiction the plaintiff resides or carries on business — a departure from s. 20 CPC.

TM Act · 135

Relief in suits for infringement or passing off

Injunction, and at the plaintiff's option damages or an account of profits, with delivery-up of infringing labels and marks.

The text shown is a working summary used inside Nyaya for grounding and UI preview. For verbatim reproduction, refer to the bare Act published on indiacode.nic.in.